Thursday, January 30, 2020
Teaching ESL Students Essay Example for Free
Teaching ESL Students Essay In the summer of 2008 I worked in a private college for girls in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ( Due to the collegeââ¬â¢s policy, I was asked not to reveal the name of the college). This College offers continuing education and extension courses to meet the needs of women in the community for professional development and personal enrichment programs. In summer it offers a 4 week Intensive English Language Program. I was asked to teach two levels; level one and level three. In my level one class, I had a total of 9 students, and they were all Saudiââ¬â¢s: four of them were 15 years old, 2 of them where 11 years old, 2 were 13 years old, and one of them was 24 years old. All of them came from Saudi government schools. I met with them 5 days a week for 2 hours. The books used for the course was interchange level 1. However I also used Word by Word Picture Dictionary. Reading, writing, grammar, listening, speaking, and vocabulary were skills I taught in the program. Puzzle Area Generally, as an ESL teacher, I never use Arabic in class in order to expose students to the new language. However, I very quickly realized that the students were not responding well to my use of English only. I could see that the students felt insecure and confused. Even the simplest question ââ¬Å"Whatââ¬â¢s your name? â⬠was answered with head nodding or a crooked smile. So I used the Tarzan method, ââ¬Å"I AM JANEâ⬠, but it was not effective. This response was a sign to change my method. I remembered the days in Pakistan as a child I tried to fit in while my classmates spoke Urdu and I felt like an alien lost and confused listening to gibberish from my perspective or rather trying to solve secret codes and guess what is being said. My focus automatically shifted not to learn the words but to try and understand body language. And this is what I saw in my studentsââ¬â¢ eyes i. e. they lost track of words and focused on my facial expressions and body language to try and understand what was going on. The look on their faces always seemed to say ââ¬Å"What an earth is she saying â⬠Thus, I puzzled over how I could best meet the needs of these very low level learners and whether or not I should use Arabic in class or not. Exploring the Puzzle Area I decided to experiment with using Arabic minimally to encourage learning English and to especially create a comfortable atmosphere for the beginners to express themselves. For instance when I introduced the vocabulary words, I allowed them to use Arabic. It was more or less a co-operative learning strategy. I gave them the word and defined it in English and some students said it out loud in Arabic helping each other understand the new words fully. Moreover, I felt the need to use Arabic myself when it came to teaching abstract vocabulary because I wanted to ensure induced errors would be avoided. I would ask my students to tell me what the word means in Arabic. Saying the word in Arabic myself was my last resort for I did it to spot check on the students and to further avoid their frustration. In grammar it was a different issue. I decided not to use Arabic, but eventually I realized it was big mistake and a waste of time. Explaining the grammar rules only in English was causing lots of problems with understanding the lesson, due to the low level of my students. I repeated the lesson many times speaking slowly with the simplest words believing that they at least understood something from the lesson. But my efforts were in vain because once I asked the class to start practicing the exercises orally, no one responded. Whereas when I used a bit of Arabic as well as English in the same lesson, it was more effective. For example, Arabic generally follows the verb- subject structure. In English, however, the general structure is subject-verb-object. So pinpointing such basic factors and presenting model sentences in both languages clarified their misuse of a simple sentence in English. Thus, the passivity in the beginning changed; the students suddenly got interested and active, and started to work in groups to combine many sentences on their own. I realized that using L1 for beginners was beneficial grammar because students could understand grammatical structures and practice their application gradually as their level improves. Teaching reading was basically an individual effort that depended on the studentsââ¬â¢ efforts. To improve their reading skills they were asked to read aloud simple passages to improve their reading and pronunciation of words. However, for critical thinking skills, I asked them to silently read paragraphs and then asked questions about the part they read to check their perception and understanding of the topic. In reading, I allowed them to use Arabic to express their thoughts about a topic, because if I depended on English alone the class would be unresponsive. Gradually, in two weeks time the class began to open up and feel comfortable with using English in their responses. For example, in a reading lesson after silently reading the passage, one of the students knew she understood the topic but admitted that she was shy and afraid to answer the questions in English. This phobia is a general problem in Saudi students especially beginners. There is a fear of being wrong or feeling embarrassed. So, the fact that she was allowed to start in Arabic and include some English was a comforting experience. A student for instance would respond with broken sentences: ââ¬Å"exercise it about exerciseâ⬠¦ â⬠and form discussions with their classmates in Arabic and ask the teacher for the correct form of answering, mimic it, and in turn learn it. Hence, they initially began with participating in L1 but grew to use L2 too after a while. The most difficult part of L2 learning that many beginners face is writing. In the first writing class I started with the basics, such as brainstorming then classifying their ideas. The problem that arose was the studentsââ¬â¢ limited vocabulary. They were able to participate using L1 and began asking the words meanings and jotting them down. It was not an effective process because the class turned out to be a vocabulary lesson. So I had to change plans. The next class I assigned them to read short paragraphs and focus on the structure, sentence order, words meanings and punctuation. Then in class we worked on a similar paragraph but with mistakes and edited it together. The students enjoyed this activity and used L1 to tell me the mistakes and why it is wrong. Gradually, I encouraged them to copy the forms they took but with a different topic. For example, they took a paragraph about fishing, and I asked them to write about swimming. The students copied the exact paragraph with a few changes. They got to learn a lot gradually when they wrote a paragraph on their own. L1 was used minimally just as a comfort zone for discussing topics and explaining rules, and they did learn the basics of writing in L2 at the end. Students donââ¬â¢t ask each other about particular words and structures and get it much easier. In upper-intermediate group we talk in English and thatââ¬â¢s not a problem we donââ¬â¢t have to explain vocabulary or grammar in Arabic. So itââ¬â¢s the matter of the language advancement in English. This way of teaching is much more efficient. Conclusion Whether to use native language when teaching ESL students is a matter of constant debate and when choosing education method the teacher should consider studentsââ¬â¢ background, their primary knowledge and their abilities to learning. It is known that the more differences between languages the most difficulties students are faced with. The same situation is observed with Arabic and English as languages are completely different. Nevertheless, from the very beginning I was against using Arabic in teaching English as, in such a way, I hoped to achieve the higher level of commitment and I expected students to learn faster. But education process showed that it is normal to use Arabic when teaching students with low level of English because many students simply didnââ¬â¢t respond to my speech and efforts to explain some rules. I see students were confused as they couldnââ¬â¢t understand what I expected from them. The method to focus on facial expression, not on learning words failed as well. When I decided to use Arabic minimally I saw that such encouragement appeared to be more effective in creating more comfortable atmosphere for students to express their ideas. Therefore-, I concluded that co-operative learning strategy is the best method of learning beginners. Native language can be used when explaining abstract vocabulary, explaining new grammar and ensuring that all rules are understandable.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Rifle Poem :: Poetry Poems
Rifle There's a crack in the air, and I'm split by the sound the moment deadly still until it's broken by another crack. A long sinuous echo hangs in the air, so physical I might try to wave it away like smoke. Then a third and fourth crack, and I'm on my feet, even though shots aren't unheard of in hunting season, these rural woods overfull with deer. But instead of this, I think of the uneven unpolished grain in the stock of my first rifle, the weight of it on the shoulder, the trigger worn dull with use. That first sighting with the left eye looking out. wandering through the sights; the feel of the bolt in the hand as it snapped back, slid forward in its path and locked, readying the cartridge as it lifts into the chamber, secured, prepared. A second snap and it's released, out into the world where only a second before there was nothing, not even stillness. And then the flood of world returns.
Monday, January 13, 2020
Margaret Atwood Essay
I came across the quote ââ¬Å"Context is all; or is it ripeness? One or the otherâ⬠[1] when reading Margaret Atwoodââ¬â¢s novel ââ¬Å"The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Taleâ⬠for English. I didnââ¬â¢t give it much attention, because since I was 12, I had come to the conclusion that there was no such thing as a ââ¬Å"factâ⬠and every thought depended on other factors for it to be true. However in this essay Iââ¬â¢m going to see if my original assumption was true or if there is a way to reach a truth through different branches of knowledge. Iââ¬â¢m going to take the definition of ââ¬Å"truthâ⬠from the dictionary, solely to have a base for which to compare the rest of the essay to; ââ¬Å"A verified or indisputable fact, proposition, principleâ⬠[2].Which means that that there are facts that are backed by evidence, such as; it is 14:24 (at the time of writing). However in this case we can apply Atwoodââ¬â¢s ââ¬Ëcontext is allââ¬â¢, and change it to ââ¬Å"context is locationâ⬠, as this scenario isnââ¬â¢t necessarily true, seeing that in Sydney the time is 22:25, therefore the truth can be considered relative. Relativism is a doctrine where there is no absolute truth; that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture[3]. Which brings up a paradox as if someone were to say ââ¬Å"context is irrelevantâ⬠meaning the truth would remain a truth in every situation, it would contradict themselves, as that statement would be relative depending on the context. Francis Baconââ¬â¢s Empiricism or otherwise known perception, is the process of arriving at the truth through sense experience.[4] People use their five senses to arrive at a truth, however depending on the context, the exact same senses can make that truth false. An example that happens to me frequently is; when I look at a shirt, to me it looks black, but then when I put it under a stronger light and look at it carefully it often turns out to be dark blue. It doesnââ¬â¢t mean the senses are ââ¬Å"faultyâ⬠or canââ¬â¢t be trusted, but the observation; truth, arrived from the use of perception, isnââ¬â¢t congruent when the context is changed. Another very bizarre example that happened to me last year when I bought my new phone; is before purchasing it, I didnââ¬â¢t know of anybody that had one, but as soon as I had it in my pocket I started realising that a lot of people around me had it as well. Language is the use of characters, symbols, images and sounds as a means of communicating a message.[5] We assume that language is a truth, as we have a general consensus of the different characters, symbols, images and sounds in language. However once again the truth is challenged with the ââ¬Å"context is allâ⬠axiom, where in certain cases the truth behind language doesnââ¬â¢t stand. My father told me the following example; when Vice-President Richard Nixon, at the end of the 1950ââ¬â¢s was visiting Colombia, he used the commonly known ââ¬Å"OKâ⬠hand sign, denoted with a circle formed by the thumb and the first finger, with the remaining three fingers outstretched, to which the Colombian people, thought they were being called assholes. Rene Descartesââ¬â¢ Rationalism is the use of reason, be it inductive or deductive to logically arrive at the truth.[6] Descartes used reason to arrive at his famous; ââ¬ËCogito Ergo Sumââ¬â¢, I think therefore I am.[7] He was asking the question ââ¬Å"How do I know I exist ?â⬠and he deduced by no more than reason that it all boiled down to; I doubt that I exist, therefore I think, ergo I am.à When I first heard this deduction, it seemed to me that it was flawless. However I remember looking around the room I was in at the time; I realised that objects such as the chairs, tables and even trees to an extent, couldnââ¬â¢t deduce their existence like Descartes did, therefore according to his deduction they wouldnââ¬â¢t exist. Once again I came to the conclusion that context will undermine truth.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
How to Write a Letter of Recommendation
Writing a letter of recommendation is a big responsibility that could determine the future of an employee, student, colleague, or someone else you know. Letters of recommendation follow a typical format and layout, so it is useful to understand what to include, things to avoid, and how to get started. Whether youre requesting a letter or writing one, a few helpful tips will make the process much easier. What to Include Whenà writing a recommendation, it is important to craft an original letterà that is unique to the person youre recommending. You should never copy text directly from a sample letterââ¬âthis is equivalent to copying a resume from the internetââ¬âas it makes both you and the subject of your recommendation look bad. To make your recommendation original and effective, try including specific examples of the subjects achievements or strengths as an academic, employee, orà leader. Keep your comments concise and to the point. Your letter should be less than one page, so edit it down to a couple of examples that you think will be the most helpful. You may also want to speak with the person youre recommending about their needs. Do they need a letter that highlights their work ethic? Would they prefer a letter that addresses aspects of their potential in a particular area? You dont want to say anything untrue, but knowing the desired point of focus can inspire the content of the letter. Employer Recommendationà The sample letter below shows what might be included in a career reference or employment recommendation. It includes a short introduction highlighting the employees strengths, a couple of relevant examples in the two main paragraphs, and a simple closing. Youll notice that the recommender provides specific information on the subject and focuses heavily on her strengths. These include solid interpersonal skills, teamwork skills, and strong leadership capability. The recommender also includes specific examples of achievements (such as an increase in profits.) Examples are important and add legitimacy to the recommendation. Also, notice that this letter is similar to a cover letter you might send along with your own resume. The format mimics a traditional cover letter and many of the keywords used to describe valuable job skills are included. Try to address the letter to the specific person who will be reading it if at all possible. You want the letter to be personal. To Whom It May Concern:This letter is my personal recommendation for Cathy Douglas. Until just recently, I was Cathys immediate supervisor for several years. I found her to be consistently pleasant, tackling all assignments with dedication and a smile. Her interpersonal skills are exemplary and appreciated by everyone who works with her.Besides being a joy to work with, Cathy is a take-charge person who is able to present creative ideas and communicate the benefits. She has successfully developed several marketing plans for our company that have resulted in increased annual revenue. During her tenure, we saw an increase in profits that exceeded $800,000. The new revenue was a direct result of the sales and marketing plans designed and implemented by Cathy. The additional revenue that she earned helped us to reinvest in the company and expand our operations into other markets.Though she was an asset to our marketing efforts, Cathy was also extraordinarily helpful in other areas of the company. In addition to writing effective training modules for sales representatives, Cathy assumed a leadership role in sales meetings, inspiring and motivating other employees. She also served as a project manager for several key projects and helped to implement our expanded operations. She has proven, on several occasions, that she can be trusted to deliver a completed project on schedule and within budget.I highly recommend Cathy for employment. She is a team player and would make a great asset to any organization.Sincerely,Sharon Feeney, Marketing Manager ABC Productions What to Avoid Just as important when writing a letter of recommendation is knowing what not to include. Consider writing a first draft, taking a break, then coming back to the letter for editing. See if you spot any of these common pitfalls. Do not mention personal relationships. This is particularly true if you employed a family member or friend. Keep the relationship out of the letter and focus instead on their professional qualities. Keep the dirty laundry to yourself. If you cannot honestly recommend an employee because of past grievances, its best to decline the request to write a letter. Try not to embellish the truth either. The person reading your letter is trusting your professional opinion. Think about the honesty you would expect in a letter and edit out anything that may be overindulgent. Leave out personal information. Unless it has to do with someones performance at work, its not important.à Style Trying to use a 12-point font if the letter will be printed out to make it easy to read. If you must reduce the size to keep the letter to one page, dont go below 10 points. Use basic typefaces as well, such as Times New Roman, Arial, Helvetica, Calibri, or Garamond. Use single space, with a space between paragraphs.
Saturday, December 28, 2019
The First Time Africans Stepped Foot On America s Soil
Journey to Freedom The first time Africans stepped foot on Americaââ¬â¢s soil was in 1619, when they were brought to Jamestown, Virginia to help with the growth and development of tobacco. For the next 245 years, America admitted more than 10 million slaves through the Transatlantic Slave Trade and slavery was born. The Transatlantic Slave Trade, or the Triangular Trade, connected trade between North America, Africa, and Europe. From America, plantation crops such as tobacco and cotton was sent to Europe. From Europe, manufactured goods like cloth and guns were shipped to Africa. From Africa, African slavesââ¬âmen, women and children-- were transported to America. The journey to America was inhuman and dreadful. There were about 600 slaves in the hull of a ship per trip, which traveled over 3,000 miles to America. Slaves were packed on top of each other sardine-style, with no bathroom breaks, and very small proportion of meals. Usually, one bucket of food was shared by about 10 people twice a day. Slaves were chained together, deeming them immobile, so they had no choice but to relieve themselves right where they sat. With different odors and feces, disease and sickness spread rapidly killing most of the slaves. If a slave die, money is lost, so if the weather permitted slaves were allowed on deck for fresh air. Once the ship arrived to America, crew ship members prepared the slaves to be sold to plantation owners. The slaves were bathed, shaved, and rubbed with oil so woundsShow MoreRelatedEssay On The American Dream1004 Words à |à 5 Pagesit Only a Dream? From the moment colonists stepped foot on American soil, freedom flowed through their skin. The new country would bring endless opprotunities to anyone who wished to pursue their dreams. Through years of effort, the United States was born and along with it a sense of equality and meaning. Today, America has much to stand for. 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Friday, December 20, 2019
Plan to Make a Million Dollars from a Person Who Has Volunteer
Essays on Plan to Make a Million Dollars from a Person Who Has Volunteer Experience in a Church and Child Care Center and Has Been Interested in Economics since Childhood Personal Statement Personal ment I served as the leader of our local church groups Christmas fund raising program this past holiday season. I was in charge of making contacting local businesses and convincing them to join in our program by donating cash or goods for the underprivileged community members. I convinced business owners to do their part by placing their business name on donation bags as part of their business promotion campaign. This idea sat very well with most of the businessmen who opted to then donate cash instead of goods. 2. My interest in the principles of economics stems from my childhood. I was encouraged by my parents to open up a lemonade stand. I was fascinated by the money that I made and that parlayed into other business ideas for me over time. I needed to become more creative and diverse in businesses that I entered into so that I could make more money from the limited capital that I had. I recognized market and economic trends which helped develop my creativity in terms of economics and its related fields. 3. Working a part time job is never easy. Specially when it seems like your supervisor has it in for you like I did. The more he tried to hassle me at work, the tougher and stronger I became. I was not going to let him treat me like an idiot. I turned to my senior co-workers and begged them to train me so that our supervisor could never find a reason to pick on me. I was able to prove that I could do the job and much more. 4. I volunteer at our local non-profit day care center during my class free days and weekends. This is something I enjoy doing because I am able to help shape the minds of our future leaders by helping them create a solid foundation for their future character and education platforms. Part of my day care projects include potty training the toddlers and helping them learn their numbers and alphabet so that they can read simple books like Dr. Seuss on their own. 5. My neighbors child is deaf mute and has never really been that sociable with other kids on the block. But one day, I saw my hearing neighbors picking on my defenseless neighbor and I felt an urge to defend my defenseless neighbor. By scaring them off, I made a new friend in my neighbor and in the process, I also learned American Sign Language as an alternative form of communication. I believe that I can help our school community by helping make our special needs students feel more welcome. 6. My goal in life is to have a million dollars by the time I turn 40. This is a dream that became my commitment to myself after I bought my first stock certificate when I turned 16. Since then I have been working part time non-stop and setting aside my investment budget every year in order to help achieve that goal. I have also been studying the intricacies of the stock market in relation to economics and how I can use that information to reach my goal.
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Training programme free essay sample
This training programme will be a small (10 minute) micro session using a small part of a larger training programme. You need to design this training session on an aspect of enterprise. You need to plan the design of the programme giving consideration to the way you will deliver it. In your role as the trainer you have been given the job of writing a report to the HR director outlining and describing the factors and different methods available to you in planning and designing the training programme. Ensure you describe the following in your report: P3 describe the factors to be considered in the planning and design of a training programme 1) You need to give the micro training session a context, stating the organisation that the training will be done for (Black Country Chamber of Commerce) and the wider training programme it would fit into 2) What will the objectives of training be (what makes them SMART) ââ¬â what should delegates be able to do be the end of the session? ) Describe what on the job training and off the job training are and how they are different ââ¬â state if your session would be done on the job or off the job and why 4) Explain the difference between internal and external training providers, Give examples of who these could consist of ââ¬â state if you are an internal or external training provider 5) Describe 6 of the following delivery methods of training available and what they involve: Courses, mentoring, coaching, action learning, assignments, projects, seminars, e-learning, distance learning, work shops, shadowing, secondments and conferences ââ¬â 6) State what delivery method you will be using in your micro training session and say why 7) Describe what the training costs you would be likely to face for delivering your micro training course Task 2 P4 conduct a review of the success of a training programme. We will write a custom essay sample on Training programme or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important for organisations to review training programmes to gage how successful they have been in developing the skills and knowledge of the learners who have attended the course. Using the micro training session you delivered. Write a report to outline the methods you have used to review the success of the training program. You should evaluate the following in your report: a) Planning ââ¬â say how well you planned the session, how long did it take, what areas / where did you have to research b) Design ââ¬â outline how well your lesson plan covered the training. Did you follow your times / structure well? c) Delivery ââ¬â Outline how well you delivered the training. Was it successful? Where the students engaged in the learning? ) Implementation ââ¬â Did you implement the lesson well, where there any barriers to the learning (say if your resources were good / bad e. g. handouts / exercises / PowerPoint presentation useful? What way would you have changed them if you delivered the session again? ) e) Content ââ¬â Was the content relevant? What if anything would you change for next time? f) Achievement of objectives Say how well you got the o bjectives over, where they achieved? In addition describe and discuss the following methods that could be used to evaluate the overall training programme for your organisation: ) Questionnaires ââ¬â say how they could be used to assess your training course by the delegates or by the b) Observation c) Trainer/trainee feedback ââ¬â outline the feedback your received from the students d) Customer comments ââ¬â describe how customer comments could be used to evaluate the success of the training e) Training audits ââ¬â say what they are and how you would expect them to be improved post training f) Achievements of awards by trainees ââ¬â Describe how if the trainees passed the course they are more likely to perform to higher level in terms of enterprise. g) Indicators, e. g. abour turnover, productivity measures, quality improvements, performance indicators (sales figures, customer service feedback). ââ¬â outline how these indicators could be used to measure the success of your training course. Task 2 for M3 explain the importance of the factors which need to be considered when planning, designing and delivering a training programme. Consider that you were doing the entire training programme for your chosen organisation. You need to plan the activities that would ne ed to take place and the factors to be considered when designing and delivering the entire training programme. Ensure you explain the following in your report: 1) Identifying a range of training methods that could be used to deliver the programme in its entirety 2) Explain why the methods are appropriate for the staff being trained 3) Explain the factors that should be considered when making decisions concerning the appropriateness of the methods of training at different levels of the organisation 4) Consider the entire training programme and explain what the budget for delivery of a training programme is and the impact it will have on the quality and delivery of the course
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