I Forget That I Have Alzheimer’s disease Essay Example for Free

I Forget That I Have Alzheimers unsoundness EssayAlzheimers disease is a familiar sight to me. I had a sad experience during my head for the hills as a nurse in my country Colombia and Spain with Alzheimer disease patients. mean solar daytime by day I came to know separately patients fabrication because every day they were living the moment without remember the last minute. This is withal what happened to Lisa Genovas novel Still Alice. The protagonists is a 50 year old woman, a very well organized, efficient, highly-educated, and smart Harvard professor, wife of a successful man, and the give of three grown children, who has diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimers disease. People have learned about the progression of Alices disease through her reactions, so feeling what she feels- a belatedly building terror, the big changes with her family, professional life, and her identity, but we also have started to understand how Alice finds positive aspects in all this, she starte d to make love more of her family, she also began to take more time for her, about how she can remember the things without foster. When a patient is diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the relation between the patient and his/her family suffers big changes.With Alice, is the negative aspects start when she becomes dependent on her family members and in need of certain safeguard. The impact on Alices home is visible in the new habits, routines, roles and functions within the family dynamics. each of her family members suffer as a result of the disease to a lesser or greater extent. Her saves life is moved(p) because he has less time to do his work and other activities, as he needs to take care of her. He also loses his patience because Alice behaves out of the ordinary, and that can become annoying in nigh focussings.An example, when Alice forgets her cell phone at home and he said Then duct tape it to your head, I dont care, Im not going through this every time you forget yo ure supposed to show up somewhere. (Genova 99). On the other hand, her children feel anxiety, fear, and rejection with regard what is happening with their mother. All the members of her family in some way want to take care of her. While helping her looks like an obligation, the positive aspect is that Alice has more attention from her husband and children.She and her husband try to renew their presumeion to each other. Her husband and children are supporting her at some moments, especially the youngest daughter, who feels love, compassion, and empathy for her mother. The second key aspect of Alice is life that is affected her professional life as an important professor. Today, I have the honor of introducing you to our first colloquium speaker of the year. Dr. Alice Howland is the eminent William James Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. (Genova 9).In spite of her achievements and all the important and recognized things about her profession, the career is coming to an end. She gradually loses the ability to follow a conversation thread, the story line of a book, or to recall information she heard just moment before. She is losing her respect of her students because they cannot trust in someone who is sick. She is unable to do the work because every day she loses the capacity to remember everything she needs to know at the moment. She loses prestige because she cannot represent any more in her life as a professional.The positive layover is that she cannot want to give up all years of work in a second. She wants to be a supported at any moment by any person who needs her. She continues to attend meetings and seminars. She is trying to leave a positive impression on each person who has met her. The third and the most important aspect with Alice and her Alzheimers disease is a big change in her identity. At the beginning she is angry and depressed with herself because she is forgetting everything that she needs to remember every day, much(prenomin al)(prenominal) as a simple and common word.Her emotional changes also affect her relationships with others and her own feelings, because she has a negative behavior with others when she yells or says a word of anger. I think is the way how she shows that she is trying to avoid what is happening in her life with an incurable disease that changes the direction of her life. She feels frustration about her memory problems because gradually she has a restriction of freedom that means she loses privacy and independence in each activity she wants to do.We cannot imagine what she is feeling when she is losing everything she learned, all the way back to basic activities such as the skill to walk, eat, or even use the bathroom. Alice feels frustrated about what she is living, because it is a way to say she is stigmatized with this disease as though she were already dead. On the other hand, and in a positive way, she begins to enjoy her life when she shares more time with her family. She feel s curiosity about a future of her children and grandchild, and then she wants to live to enjoy everything, despite she would be incapable of remembering and executing this kind of plan. (Genova 118). She executes a simple test and games to remember simple things of her life, and she can self-administer every day. She also tries to create a support group with people who have the same conditions as her, sharing experiences and to know that she does not alone in all this. This is a story where a woman forgets that have Alzheimers disease because she continues to do her life normally, she forgets that the things that she makes normally, now she does not make.Alice can find in her husband and children some way of support of each one of them, and then she can understand the positive things about her disease. The surprising is how the Alzheimers disease can advance very quickly, as affect relationships, families, professional jobs, and the identities of each patient. Unfortunately, this i s a progressive, degenerative disease with no cure. It gets worse, despite any medication we have right now. (Genova 245). This is a sad end for each person who had a wonderful and successful life.In my experience, I only knew and lived with my patients their final phase of the disease. I also admire anyone going through this disease, their family, friends, those who care for them and those who continue to research for this cause. The hope is the patients and the people who live around them can find the positive aspects during the disease, they can enjoy more time together and help each patient try to find a good way to endure their disease. Work Cited Genova, Lisa. Still Alice. New York, London, Toronto, and Sydney Gallery Books, 2009.

A Person Live on 500 Rupees in a Month Essay Example for Free

A Person Live on 500 Rupees in a Month EssayToday our society move advance and the previous living standard of our life also falsifys. A few years ago, peoples started trade with barter system, and then a big change happened in our trade system. According to this change money took barters position. Now people trade their things with money except of barter system. But over again a changing happen in our coin system and this time change happen in the shape of value of currency because the value of currency still f every day by day. According to this system, inflation also increases day by day. In which, lets suppose a soul who live on 500 rupees in a month is a student and if he want to do this then he must follows somewhat guidelines. Because once there was a time when peoples thought 500 rupees is very big amount for live in a month but straight a days, our society is very expensive and for this reason 500 rupees lose their previous values and if we depend on 500 for whol e month then it is very difficult to spend a happy month.Now if you ready to done this job as a student then first of all reduce your all unnecessary expenses like smoking, out campus visits without any reason etc. First of all student should have to plan a figure for the whole month because we must know, which things are necessary and which are unnecessary. We should also know how much amount we are going to spend on which items and what importance of these items for us. The budget which has been planned by you should be implemented.Some of the students plan the budget but fail to implement like Pakistan Government. If you want to make a annunciate to your friend, then please discover him a miss call and wait for his call back. If he does not respond you within four to five legal proceeding then make a call from your other nearest friend, brother or your fathers mobile. In the university, when you feel hunger and want to go through something, force your friends for party with out any reason.For party, you can hide your friends cell phone or any other precious-valuable, important- things. If a friend forces you to give him or her party then tell him, today I left my wallet at home, by mistake. These suggestions are very good and assistive to spend whole month in 500 rupees. If you follow these suggestions, Ill guaranty you that you will fulfill your requirements and may be you can save ii hundred or more a month.

Prefeasibility Study of Upper Khudi -A Hydropower Project

Prefeasibility m map of top(prenominal) Khudi -A Hydropower ProjectCE1.1.1 This discover entitled Prefeasibility Study of Upper Khudi -A hydropower project is one prep ared by group of five students in partial fulfilment of requirement for the bachelors degree in civil technology. This project was carried erupt at Kantipur Engineering College, Dhapakhel, Lalitpur, affiliated to Tribhuwan University. Our team comprised of five members and the project itself was supervised by Er. Baburam Bharadwaj (Project Manager of Khudi hydropower limited)CE1.1.2 Being the final year project of our plan program, the timespan for this project was 1 year. We worked on it from June 2010 to November 2010. During this period, we presented the end, conducted the feasibility analysis, project analysis, project object, project defence, final presentation and final report. I was the team lead for my project and was a dedicated member from start to finishCE.1.2 BackgroundCE1.2.1 As the name suggests, Prefeasibility Study of Upper Khudi -A hydropower project, is prefeasibility study aimed to use the theoretical knowledge we had from out textbook books to better understand the feasibility and optimization of the bearing of sm each scale hydropower project centered on Upper Khudi River in Lamjung district of Western Nepal. volume of Nepalese households rely upon hydropower for their efficiency needs. So, developing small scale hydropower energy plants can be very efficient energy solutions as the rivers in Nepal are mostly mountain rivers with enough water throughout the year.CE1.2.2 Khudi River has an average slope of 1 in 30 with gravels and boulders forming the river bed. It has a gamy depositary transport capacity. Upper Khudi Hydropower Project is a run of the river type hydropower scheme knowing to produce power using the discharge of the Khudi River. It begins from the confluence of two Rivers, Sundar Khola and Khudi Khola. The catchments area of the River is 133 km2 at the surgical incision of Hydrology Metrology (DHM) station located at Khudi Bazar, which when transformed to our catchments is 25 km2, running from north to south.CE1.2.3 The learning exercise included optimizing schemes per project capacity, sizes of hydraulic structures, water gate and electromechanical equipment and barricade the sensitivity analysis for the monetary parameters which comprised of a significant result of in this feasibility analysis report. The study shows the feasibility of project with sufficient alternatives. We made accredited we followed all the organizational rules and regulations of the University as strong as the Hydropower Project.CE1.2.4 The project was divided into five move namely Data collection, Design and modelling, Cost estimation, Project readying and scheduling, Economic and financial analysis. Each member of the team was given one sector each as a main area of study and was liable for the literature review of that part. I was given t he Project planning and scheduling and the Design and Modelling part.CE1.2.5 Organisational ChartCE1.2.6 Project ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to bob up the best project alternative and carry out the pre-feasibility study of the same. The main objectives are highlighted belowTo be acquainted with the various aspects of hydropower planning and development.To find out the feasibility of projectTo know about the major components of the hydropower project.To select the best project alternative.To carry out the engineering chassis of hydropower components.To calculate the power and energy generated from the project.To carry out the quantity estimation and their cost.To prepare implementation schedule of the project.To carry out optimization of project capacity and components.To carry out financial analysis and sensitivity analysis of the projectCE1.3 Personal Engineering ActivitiesCE1.3.1 I have al fashions been passionate about renewable energy and it is the main designer I took engineering as my career. In the context of Nepal, hydropower energy has a lot of scope. Most of the country in the upper hilly and mountainous parts are deprived of energy which is not a hard goal to achieve if small-scale hydropower projects implemented. I consulted my friends to form a group of five. We prepared the proposal to study for a hydropower project that could be used for a real project in the future. Then we prepared the proposal and submitted to the Dept. Of Civil Engineering with a detailed timeline graphed in a Gantt Chart. We consulted with the head engineer designated for this project and proposed that we would submit a study that could whateverhow facilitate the funded government project. He agreed to serve up us in any possible way and agreed to become our supervisor.CE1.3.2 Before we started, we decided that we visit a similar small scale hydropower project. We hatch to a similar hydropower project that powered a small city called Banepa east of Kathma ndu. We talked to the authorities and they allowed us to walk through the entire project and memorize the dam, the turbines control room, and allowed us to take the specifications of the turbine so that we could have a rough idea of what equipment we had to choose to prepare the analysis of the hydropower project we had to do the project for. I alike conducted weekly progress meetings with the team and supervisor to tackle any hurdles that we faced. We consulted with senior professors about my problems and ideas.CE1.3.3 The entire work of this study is done by desk Study and field visit and survey by minor instrument such as Tape, and Abney level etc. All the data and information usable from different sources were carefully analyzed to perform the preliminary study of all the necessary components. For the hydrological study of the project, mean monthly discharge of 13 years records of Khudi Khola at Khudi Bazar station (439.3) are obtained from DHM and analyzed using catchment ar ea correlation method to find necessary hydrological parameters. Topographic maps (150000) of proposed site was studied for the allocation and design of civil as well as electro-mechanical components of the project.The methodology employed to undertake the study were desk study and map study, field survey and social interaction, literature review, hydrological analysis, concealment and selection of the best alternative, hydraulic design of the components of the chosen alternative, cost analysis and preparation of bill of quantities and finally report preparation and presentation.CE1.3.4 The topography of the site is steep and bumpy and thus we proceeded deciding that tunneling is the best possible alternative for waterway. As I was given the responsibility of design and modelling, I am explaining what the engineering design from the headwork to the penstock is comprised of in brief.CE1.3.5 The headwork was located at 1290 m elevation. The trench weir was provided for diversion of flow to the intake and passage of high gush water. For design of the weir with length 10m, the design flood is taken as 40.073 m3/s for hundred years-return periods. The trench size has been calculated considering 50% of the trash rack is clogged and the design discharge will be conveyed. The intake was designed to allow abstraction of water from the source with as little sediment as possible, thereby minimizing maintenance and operational costs and providing some measure of protection against damage too (e.g. blocking of the conduit by incoming sediment and debris).A.) Design Aspects of Gravel Trap and Settling Basin The main design principle of the gravel rap was that the velocity through it should be less than that required to move the smallest size of gravel to be removed. Since the water abstracted from sediment loaded river not only reduces the capacity of the conveyancesystem but also damages the hydro turbines, thereby causing operation and maintenance problems. To cope wit h economy of energy propagation from this, I wanted to design and construct a settling basin before water enters the plant, which helps to limit the entry of sediment into the plant by living accommodations the particle size greater than 0.2 mm.B.) Headrace Tunnel The shape as well as the dimensions of the tunnel should be selected such that it should be readily accessible from every direction for control, maintenance and repair. In pressure tunnels operating under high heads, the provisions of lining of concrete (PCC or RCC) and even sword lining including steel pipes may be embedded. To reduce construction costs, relatively high flow velocities should be permitted in tunnels, higher ones than those of open canals. In addition to this I also calculated Friction losses Darcy Weisbach formula. The resulting dimension of the tunnel after all analysis was Inverted D shape 2m in diameter and 1500 m in length.C.) Surge tank A surge tank is generally constructed immediately prior to pe nstock or pressure eff so as to go bad out the oscillation in water level as soon as possible and to store water during load rejection until the new velocity has been established. concluding design composed of a circular surge with diameter 2 m and height of 13.5 having upsurge and down surge of 6.256m and 4.704 m respectively.D.) sluiceway Penstock is usually the pipeline in between surge tank and turbine inlet. Penstock may be low pressure or high-pressure penstock. Usually it is high pressure. The materials used are usually of steel, reinforced concrete. The pipe diameter and the thickness are such that the stress in steel computed from hoop stress criteria is well within the allowable limit. The hoop stress developed is given by the thin cylinder theory. I design we used inclined underground shaft made of mild steel.E.) Turbine To maintain the supply even in peak load conditions, two units of Pelton turbines with horizontal Shaft are in housed in the Powerhouse. dickens uni ts of generator are used to generate electrical energy. Turbine was selected on the analysis based on on tap(predicate) head and design discharge. Two units are provided for good continuation of supply on maintenance of one unit also.Also, a tailrace was set to convey the water leaving the power plant back to the river. The tailrace should be designed to maintain the water surface at the elevation specified by the turbine manufacturer and to protect the power plant against flooding by the expected design flood level in the river.E.) Power generation A 66 KV transmission line has been proposed for the safe and economic transmission of the generated power, on a length of 30 Km for the interconnection of the supply to the national grid at Udaypur.CE1.3.6 The subjects that I was enrolled in the undergraduate like fluid mechanics, hydraulics, water supply, engineering hydrology, survey, engineering drawing etc. helped me a lot to complete and prepare my project. I tried to utilise all my knowledge in utmost way to realise a hydropower project. While doing this project, I not only experienced the applied part of civil and hydropower engineering but also learned a lot of practical skills like communication skills, time management, project presentation and team work. During this project interval, being a group leader I had to influence not only my own but I have to help my group members in technical and other calculation part as well.CE1.3.7 Me along with my team members worked together very hard and could complete the project in the defined time. We could study the pre-feasibility of Upper Khudi and prepare the final report in the designated time. later on the completion of this project, I felt a big rise in my confidence level as an engineer and I felt I could advantageously tackle the obstacles by studying about it, applying the solutions in real life problems. We used various software like MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-PowerPoint to document the report, prepare presen tations and analyze available data. I feel like my reporting skills, drafting skills and drawing skills also utilised professionally over the course of this project.CE1.4 SummaryUndertaking this project helped me to use my theoretical knowledge on practical and real life work scenarios relating design and construction of a hydro power plant. We were very happy that the project met all the initial objectives. The project has a conventional B/C ratio of 2.1 and modified of 2.13 and IRR of 23.4%. The total cost of the project is NRs 605,089,628.69 and cost per kilowatt is within the concatenation of prevailing Cost per KW for the projects recently built in Nepal. Hence, the project was financially, technically, socially and environmentally viable, and can be forwarded for further study. In a nutshell, I was efficiently and successfully able to undertake, manage and complete the project ensuring that it met all its objectives within a designated time frame.

Social Policy On Community Care Mental Health Provision Social Work Essay

neighborly Policy On conjunction C are Mental Health Provision Social Work EssaySocial polity is a governments application for welfare development and amicable protection carried out in the community. The Margret Thatchers conservative administration and Tony Blairs aim administration had different approaches towards the spot of community cordial health disturbance policy. The policy made vital steps towards the right direction scarce met obstacles on the way complicating its sustenance and achievement of desired goals. Generally it is believed that the policy did not meet its desired goals of helping the psychically ill patients in the communal setting.Community care is the British policy of, deinstitutionalization treating and caring for intellectually disabled bulk in their crime syndicates rather than in an institution or hospital. Institutional care was the direct of widespread criticism prompting the government of Margaret Thatcher to adopt a new provision of co mmunity amiable health care. This was after the Audit Commission print a report called making a Reality of Community Care which outlined the advantages of domiciled care (Baker, 1986).Social policy is influenced by a number of factors that allow needs of the population demands from groups, priorities of the community, specific societal issues and critical incidents. The major intend of social policy on community care is to keep people in their homes where likely, instead of giving them care in other institutions. It was almost buzz offn for granted that this policy was the best option from a humanitarian and moral perspective. It was to a fault thought that the policy would be cheaper (Baker, 1986). Therefore this paper will focus on Margaret Thatchers conservative government and Tony Blairs churn government to see how their different policy approaches make water impacted upon the provision of community care of amiable health. The paper will also be analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of two parties to ascertain where they have helped and where they have displayed inadequate services. Finally the paper will conclude by giving an insight on the impact of the current social policy on community affable health care.Margaret Thatchers administration and community health care policyWhen Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979, she made it clear that she would reduce world expenditure and make forceful changes for the betterment of the country. She was acutely aware that Britains welfare state system needed urgent restructuring as it was costing the country too more than money in the event devoteting the country into economic free fall. Between 1979 and 1990 she successfully introduced changes to social policy, the organization and delivery of services and the role of the state welfare provision. As a result the era became known as Thatcherism.In 1983 the Mental Health Act was introduced by Margaret Thatchers government toput in place safeguard s for people inside the hospital system. Section 117 of that act imposes a duty on district health authorities and social services departments in conjunction with instinctive agencies, to ensure that after Care service is provided for people after discharge from hospital.The approach taken by the conservative government to social problems was known as the market liberalism or neo-conservatism, and this was very influential in the way it operated. Thatcher believed in having a market economy allowing people to create their own wealth in the event taking care of themselves and their families without the interference of the government. This approach was evident in the health care and community care reform brought on board in 1990. The aim of this act was to standardize and improve community care and establish duties for the English Health Authority. This piece of legislations not only led the way in developing the new internal market system in health and social care but divided the or ganization of care into purchasers and providers of care thusly creating an artificial market to increase efficiency. It then casefuld a major development in the 1989 White Paper (Caring for people) as a response to the Griffins report. This was effectively putting the responsibility firmly at the doors of the health authorities and families thus freeing up more money to be put back into the system. However, due to flaws within the assessments, want of funding and the failing of community care, people were existence discharged into the community without proper supervision, care, help and support. As a result of this some individuals became stateless ending up on the streets while some are being cared for by overstretched family with financial difficulties.Despite of the positive approaches on Margaret Thatchers implementations she had some bad sides too. As a result of these policies, a number of changes started to appear in the society, where members of families who suffered mental health had to rely on children to take care of them, which consequently put appoint on them causing isolation, social exclusion and to some extent extreme poverty. Because of these negative impacts and lacking of a proper system in place for home care (proper monitoring and provision of communal health care officials to treat patients at home), Margaret Thatchers government was unable to adequately address the issue of community mental health care.Community mental care act 1990In the act passed in 1990 on community care health services (NHS ACT 1990), individuals with mental problem difficulties were able to stay at their homes while being treated. This state of affairs raised precautions especially after some individuals with mental health problems were mingled in violent behavior against members of the public. Even though the community has recorded a few murder cases caused by people having mental health difficulties, it is more probable that healthy individuals can as well attack the mentally ill.Mental Health is always portrayed in the media as negative but nothing has ever really been highlighted about the way people with mental ailments are being subjected to attacks andabused on a daily basis from the prevalent public. It is sad to note that no one seems to take account of their plight, not even the government.So as much as this act made it possible for patients to be personally assigned specific community workers to monitor and take care of them, it posed a major endangerment in the community. These patients were infra risk of being abused, attacked, neglected and untreated making the act look inefficient. Mental health patients eventually became uncontrollable ending up on the streets. These issues are usually prompting arguments between the public administration, health services officials and the department of social service on who should be held responsible of the whole matter. One such lack of help to detrimental effect was when Chri stopher Clunis, a mentally ill patient, stabbed and killed Jonathan Zito, an innocent person, in Finsbury Park tube station. This could have been averted had there been proper home care and supervision provided. These types of cases are common but there seems to be very little done to alleviate such tragedy.There ought to be no joy therefore in ensuring good quality community care for patients with mental problems. The main challenges to the policy of the rundown traditional psychiatric hospital are the concern that homelessness is being increased among the mentally ill and the fear of public safety because of homicides by psychiatric patients (Mathews, 2002). Other issues involve appropriate assignment of social workers who would take care and monitor these patients. Over the last few years activists in opposition to community care have diverted their aggression to the concern of public safety. These has prompted the government of Britain to put into practice a key review on menta l health policy. It is also apparent that issues on public safety are the ones driving the review.Tony Blairs governments approach on community mental health careWhen Tony Blair was elected the people had high expectation that he would put in determine the NHS system. Although he did not have any viable alternatives to the existing policies of Margaret Thatcher, he ridiculed them. He even used the same strategy to in his campaign resulting in a NHS historian, Charles Webster, calling it the meanest spending package on the health service since the second world war.His promise to the people of the country was that he would not cause any structural upheaval to the NHS but he would carry out some reform which would be gradual involving consultation and experimentation.Unlike the decentralization that Margaret Thatcher follow in her era which was against the nanny state mentality, the approach adopted by Tony Blair was that of a democratic society. Despite his belief that the governmen t should play a greater part in monitoring what goes on in the society and intervene when necessary to ensure that fairness, he was tolerant with the idea of free enterprise.It has now been a decade since Tony Blairs government vouched that they would tackle the NHS mental health service with vigor promising that equal priority would be given to mental health issues as that of heart disease and other ailments. This is what was stated by the then health secretary Frank Dobson in 1999. The National Services Framework for mental health 1999 (ten years plan) promised seven standards of care and treatment, these standards included primary care, access to services, prevention of suicide and caring about careers.Regardless of this the crunch government under Tony Blair made some changes within the health service. His successor Gordon Brown is worse as he has not made much with the NHS. He set his sight on more cuts and closures which effectively caused more damage to an already damaged NH S. He has not carried out the National Service Framework 1999 that had been promised by the labor government, so together they have failed to effectively implement the policies even though they have been in power considerably long. Their failures are also manifested further as the national frame work for mental health deadline expired last month and yet it still did not meet its targets. However the department of health announced a package of measures in January 2009 for the design and development of single sex accommodation within the health system. This will include a carbon million Privacy and Dignity Fund for improvements and adjustments to accommodations. The new initiative came into effect as of April 2010 which was a big step in ensuring privacy needs of young-begetting(prenominal) and female patients are fully met.Still some changes have been made by the two previous governments and their respective leaders (the Margaret Thatchers conservative party (1979) and Tony Blairs 1997 labor party), with regards to the implementations of the Mental Health Act 1983 the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, and the National Service Framework Act 1999. Even though it still appears that not much has been done to help especially members of the ethnic minority groups. There are still disparities in the way services are being distributed and how they are being treated as patients compared to their white counterparts. For example, they are discriminated againstmore and are more likely to be given higher dosages of anti-psychotic drugs or sometimes even put into seclusion.The Community Care Act 1990 was put in place mainly as a cost effective measure, thereby moving people with mental health issues out of hospitals into the community. However, some people are still not receiving the necessary care that was promised by the government, although to some extent they are being empowered by being encouraged to be more proactive in their own assessment andcare plans. Of late the se provisions are ineffective as they do not meet the required specification.The organization of health services concerned with mental problem was simple previously before the current NHS and social reforms came into play. The government was responsible of the NHS and controlled fund allocation, functionality, and supervision of these health services. Local government played a very small role in the care for mentally ill individuals, there main was in housing and social work sustenance. Initially, it was the responsibility of sanatorium community divide.In the 1980s important reforms were made to both the NHS and social services. These reforms were largely aimed at changing the management arrangements for delivering general health care in the NHS and at reforming the community care of elderly people provided by social services. Little thought was apparently given to how the reforms would affect the care of mentally ill people. We believe that these changes, each of which on their ow n might have been valuable, have combined to damage provision of care, at least for severely mentally ill patients (Mathews, 2002).Mental health policy defines the vision for the future mental health of the population, specifying the framework which will be put in place to manage and prevent priority mental and neurological disorders.Therefore as shown in this paper the approach to the social policy on community care and mental health should focus on communal mental health problems and give back solutions for curbing these predicaments. The primary aim of this policy is to identify the most useful and efficient measure to successfully address these issues. On other hand the livery of new policies in the mental health sector has totally transformed mental community care provision. Simple systems have been replaced with complicated organizational and financial structures requiring almost impossible feats by local health and social service staff to coordinate care for patients to who m continuity of care is critical for their survival in the community (Mathews, 2002). Critical mentally ill individuals are ensnared by these problematical issues. The formation of a community care authority that is localized which is accountable for the issue at hand could be the best solution.

Corporate Entrepreneurship Theory

corporeal Entrepreneurship TheoryCan we qualify Daimler strategy as entrepreneurial? If so, what be the steps taken by Daimler AG to bear or birth their Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) Strategy?How ar in somaticd entrepreneurial manners existence facilitated in Daimlers sort team?What calculates are affecting CE applied by Daimler, and how could Daimler be to a greater extent entrepreneurial?LimitationThe thesis paper mainly focuses on Corporate Entrepreneurship hypothesis specific all(prenominal)(prenominal)y entrepreneurial transformation. withal though there are other types of Corporate Entrepreneurship types including corporate venturing, Intrapreneurship, and bringing the market inside, we discussed Corporate Entrepreneurship through the lenses of entrepreneurial transformation by excluding other types of corporate entrepreneurship. Our focus is mainly concerned in the activities inside an organization, and entrepreneurial transformation focus on these activities with a good boilers suit view on the strategy, socialisation, anatomical expression, and leadinghip and not a single part in particular. As being one of the forefront carcompanies, we chose Daimler- one of the leaders in the automotive industry- as our case study. In our preliminary research, we found that Daimler AG focus on designing and entrepreneurial activities as a crucial map in achieving sustainable growth therefore, they fit the profile we are calculateing the research or so. Due to the time factor and the resources allocated to this paper, we also concluded that a study near entrepreneurial activities in spite of appearance organization burn be best acquainted if we concentrate on one company instead than the whole automotive industry since our finding will be more specific, more reliable, and we will reduce the generalization of the results. As being one of the forefront car companies, we chose Daimler as our thesis subject. Furthermore, we only chose to use qualitative method rather than quantitative method due to the time factor and in efficiency to r to each one a sufficient number of employees working for Daimler AG. We also nookyvas Daimler entrepreneurial activities through the lenses of company perspective. Our work is mainly found on interpretation of interview made with Mark Reine, Daimler Annual report, Integrity sketch, High-Tech Report and Sustainability Report.Papers StructureIn chapter 2 we go through our theoretical framework. We pick out the theory that we use as a knowledge foundation for our study. We social function out some of the studies that are relevant for the theoretical perspective in this study. In chapter 3 we describe the methodology we realize used when making our study. We describe the distinct choices we have made throughout the study, and motivate why we have made these choices. And we briefly present our respondent. In chapter 4 we present our respondent in more details, and we compile our e mpirical stuff that we have gathered through our conducted interviews. The information is presented respondent by respondent. In chapter 5 we evaluate the gathered empirical information and analyze it by the support of our theoretical framework.In chapter 6 we present the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the gathered information. Here we also present the conclusions that we arrived with regarding studying CE within organizations.Theoretical FrameworkIn this chapter we present our theoretical framework and the main theories that will help us answer our research questions. We present the Corporate Entrepreneurship theory, its definition, types, mastery factors, and balances This is where we accumulate a knowledge base that is requisite to fully understand the scope of the thesis paper and the logic used to conduct it. This knowledge base will support the gathering, interpreting and analyzing of our information and empirical data made in latter chapters.Corporate Entrepreneur shipIn recent years, the conditions of contestation in the global environment have smorgasbordd for the companies. The market is dominated by constant change, daedal tasks and environmental turbulence (Rothwell, 1983 as cited in Livesay, 1995 Burns, 2008). As we mentioned to begin with knowledge, innovation and flexibility become an grievous resource for sustained competitive advantage. In other words, Entrepreneurship is the crucial factor for success or survival (Burns 2008 Czernich 2004). trance small pisseds take the advantage of these conditions and become very successful due to their flexible anatomical structure and entrepreneurial spirit, medium-large firms suffer more due to their mechanistic, bureaucratic and rigid structures (Burns, 2008). Many scholars research in the altogether ways for large organization and come up with many ideas. One of the solutions for companies to bang with the rigid bureaucratic structures is to induce Corporate Entrepreneurship in th eir structure (Dess et al., 2003). As it is mentioned earlier, while CEOs are concerned about profitable organic growth, they find corporate entrepreneurship or creating a new business as one of the solution (Lippitz Wolcott, 2007). As corporate entrepreneurship is becoming popular, research on CE has grown too (Dess et al., 2003). match to Cunningham and Lischeron (1991), CE kitty be seen as a school within entrepreneurship theory. Since there is no generally accepted definition of entrepreneurship (Swedberg, 2003), the definition of corporate entrepreneurship also suffers from this problem.In the beside sections, we are going to define and explain Corporate Entrepreneurship from varied perspectives of many authors. We will present the different point of views on Corporate Entrepreneurship in regards to its definitions, different types, and success factors that affect it.Definition of Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE)As it is mentioned above, since there is no generally accepted definition of corporate Entrepreneurship (CE), many scholars define CE differently. fit in to Sharma and Chrisman (1999 in Dess et al, 2003, p.352), Corporate Entrepreneurship is the mould whereby an individual or group of individuals, in association with an b seek organization, create a new organization, or instigate switch or innovation within that organization. Dess et al. (1999) also see it as two types of phenomena and processes while one is about creating a new business within existing organizations through internal innovation or joint ventures, alliances, the heartbeat one is about the transformation of organization through strategic renewal. Burns (2008, p.12) defines CE as a process which encourages CE in every level of organization corporate, division, business unit etc. Lippitz and Wolcott (2007, p.75) define it as a process in which teams within an establish organization create a new business which is distinct from parent company but leverages the parents asset, ma rket positions, capabilities or other resources. alike according to Vesper (as cited in Hornsby Kuratko, 1999, p.29), Corporate Entrepreneurship is a new strategic dimension, initiative from below and autonomous business creation. These different definitions show that the meaning of Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) is still ambiguous. CE can be seen as an evolving phenomenon which is still being researched by many researchers (Burns, 2008 Zahra, 1991). In tack to fully understand corporate entrepreneurship, different types of CE essential be analyzed. The next section will show the difference between these types, and which is more relevant to our research. 17Types of Corporate EntrepreneurshipScholars define and crystallize CE into many different types. These views cover a wide range. According to Birkinshaw (2003 in Burns, 2008, p.13-14) and Thornberry (2001 in Kenney Mutjuba, 2007, p.75-6), there are four types of corporate entrepreneurshipCorporate Venturing It is the proces s of starting new ventures related to core business through investment funds in smaller mod firms and different forms of corporate venturing units by larger firmsIntrapreneurship It is about the identification of employees who have entrepreneurial skills and it focuses on encouraging these employees to act in an entrepreneurial way within large organizations.Bring the market inside This dimension takes a marketing approach to encourage entrepreneurial behavior by changing structure.Entrepreneurial Transformation According to Burns (2008, p.14), it is about the adaptation of organisational structure, and subtlety to changing environment and create a new organisational environment to encourage entrepreneurial activity. He also mentioned that according to this dimension, the individual behavior in the organization is influenced by leadership, strategy, systems, structures and culture.Moreover, Covin and Miles (1999 in Dess et al., 2003) identify four types of CE. They offer structur ally complex firms to use simultaneously one or more forms of CE in different parts of organization. The first one is sustained regeneration, which is stimulated by the firms culture, processes and structures to create new products in its existing market and also to inscribe with existing product into new markets. Here, companies know their products life cycle and they create strategies according to competitive expectations. The second type of CE is organizational rejuvenation. It is more about process and administrative innovations rather than product innovations. It enables organizations to improve the firms ability to execute strategies. It concerns about inducing entrepreneurship through organizational procedures and standards. Strategic renewal, which is the tertiary one, is about how to change strategies to compete differently. While organizational rejuvenation is about the organization itself, strategic renewal is about both organization and environment. It consists of the ways to exploit the opportunities more fruitfully and how to explore new ideas inthese changing circumstances. Domain Redefinition focuses on creating a new product market that competitors have not discovered yet or are not successful in that market. Domain redefinition aims to have first mover advantage in that new market. We find the classifications of Birkinshaw (2003 in Burns, 2008, p.13-14) and Thornberry (2001 in Kenney Mutjuba, 2007, p.75-6), and Covin and Miles (1999 in Dess et al., 2003) interesting because we can see that to a certain extent they are interrelated. Burns (2008) argues that corporate venturing and Intrapreneurship are seen as techniques that bring the market inside and can help stimulating the entrepreneurial transformation since it covers the whole aspects of the organization. Furthermore, by comparing entrepreneurial transformation to the types mentioned by Covin and Miles (1999 in Dess et al., 2003), it is observable that these types to some extent are also contained within the entrepreneurial transformation, because they cover aspects related to structure, culture, environment, and strategy which is what entrepreneurial transformation is about. Before foc utilise on the aspects affecting entrepreneurial transformation, the dimensions that foster CE moldiness be mentioned. In the next section, the success factors of Corporate Entrepreneurship are going to be explained.The Success Factors of Corporate EntrepreneurshipAccording to Dess and Lumpkin (2005 in Kenney and Mujtaba, 2007), there are five dimensions which shows that organization is entrepreneurial-oriented The first dimension is autonomy indicating that employees must(prenominal) be em great powered and encouraged to find the innovative products or new internal process. Employees must be supported to create innovative ideas. The second dimension is innovativeness. Organization must invest in research and development. The third dimension is pro-activeness which is related with organizations willingness of being different by exploiting opportunities. caller-out must be future-oriented. The fourth dimension is competitive aggressiveness. The organization must both willingly and eagerly engage in a competition and conduct strategies that exploit the opportunities better than other competitors. The last dimension is risk taking which is one ofthe virtually valuable dimensions for Corporate Entrepreneurship. Company must be aware of business, financial and professional risks associated with CE (2005 in Kenney and Mujtaba, 2007, p.76). These dimensions stated earlier by Dess and Lumpkin (2005 in Kenney and Mujtaba, 2007) support and slightly similar to the success factors Abraham talks about (1997 in Kenney and Mujtaba, 2007 Sathe, 1985 in Kuratko and Hornsby, 1999). Nonetheless, they overlook the factors of reward and reinforcement, and time availability mentioned by Abraham (1997 in Kenney and Mujtaba, 2007). According to Abraham, there are four impor tant corporate entrepreneurship success factors that must exist within an organization (1997 in Kenney and Mujtaba, 2007 Sathe, 1985 in Kuratko and Hornsby, 1999).The first factor is focusing support which is about promoting entrepreneurship in the organization. The management support consists of championing the innovative ideas,providing necessary resources, transparency within organization, being a coach or mentor rather than being a manager. The second factor is autonomy which points out that employees are ready to take risks and failure is tolerated by management. This factor must be strengthened by the organizational structure which facilitates the instruction execution of ideas. The third factor is reward and reinforcement. The effective reward system will enhance entrepreneurial behavior in organization and help employees to take risks. both extrinsic (monetary) and intrinsic (recognition) rewards motivate employees to be more entrepreneurial. The last factor is time availa bility. There must be flexible time constraints which let employees to deal with a long term problem. (Echols and Neck, 1998 Kuratko et al. 1999) As a whole, it can be seen that corporate entrepreneurship success factors are highly related with entrepreneurial transformation mentioned in the types of corporate entrepreneurship. It can be understood that management support is highly related with leadership and culture (being a coach or mentor rather than being a manager) and structure (championing the innovative ideas, providing necessary resources, transparency within organization) autonomy is also related with structure reward and reinforcement system can be stipulated by organizational culture, structure and leadership while time availability can be induced by both leadership and organizational culture. In the next section, the factors of entrepreneurial transformation are going to be explained in detail.Entrepreneurial Transformation within organizationsAs it is mentioned above i n order to have successful Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE), large organizations must add the success factors of CE to their whole system which is related with entrepreneurial transformation. According to Burns (2008, p.18), entrepreneurial transformation is about adaptation of entrepreneurship to large firms by changing their structure, strategy, system, leadership and culture to cope with change and innovation. He identifies strategy, leadership and management, culture, and structure as necessary elements to achieve entrepreneurial transformation. These elements areEntrepreneurial TransformationLeadership ManagementOrganizatioal CultureOrganizational StructureCorporate StrategyInstitutional FieldIn addition to these elements, institutional field can be seen as one of the element that affects corporate entrepreneurship strategy because while companies are defining their strategies, they have to theorize both company and companys environment that company exists in. externalise 4 su mmarizes these elements and shows how they influence the Corporate Entrepreneurship strategy within an organization.As it is shown in the figure above, there are five elements that influence the entrepreneurial transformation within organization Leadership and Management, Organizational Culture, Organizational Structure, Corporate Strategy, and Institutional Field. All these elements are strongly interrelated and have a strong influence on each other. In order for a successful entrepreneurial transformation within an organization, all the elements must be taken in consideration, simply because they support each other. Having a weak link in the entrepreneurial transformation elements will lead for an idle andinefficient entrepreneurial transformation within any organization. Leader and management set the road for the transformation and eliminate the dysfunctions within the organization which prevent entrepreneurial behaviors (Burns, 2008 Kuratko and Hornsby 1999), and the culture, s tructure and institutional field is what support this transformation. The strategy is what maintain and foster the success of the transformation in the later stages. The figure 4 shows an intertwined relationship where all the elements are connected in a way and not as a procedural process. In next sections, the five elements are going to be explained one by one in further details.Leadership ManagementOne of the aspects that affect CE is management and leadership. Burns (2008) discusses the relationship between management and leadership. He states that although they go kick in in hand with respect to skills and competencies, there are still some critical differences that could be addressed Management could be seen as the mechanics of the organization, while its leadership functions as the brains. Burns (2008) emphasizes mainly on the roles of each and state that Management is concerned with execution and handling of complex organizational tasks and processes mainly concerned with efficiency and effectiveness. Compare to management leadership is concerned with broader principles related to communication, motivation, and setting goals and direction and particularly change.According to Kuratko and Hornsby (1999), the new corporate revolution represents an appreciation for a desire to develop entrepreneurial leadership within the organization structure in other words in-house entrepreneuring development, or plaque stagnation, loss of personnel, and decline. In order to do so, effective entrepreneurial leaders strive to construct, define and gain commitment to values and beliefs they try to integrate in the organization they work in. These overlap values and beliefs incorporated within the vision and mission of an organization are what make the essence of its culture that binds the organization all together (Burns 2008). The shared vision and values are the desired future state that the organization is striving to achieve thus its acts as a stiff and effective motivational tool. However, in order to create an entrepreneurial culture based on motivation and strive to achievements, entrepreneurial leaders need more than just apromising vision (Burns 2008). They need to create a management team that enforce this entrepreneurial culture a flexible filmable team that is able to operate under extreme changing environments and to handle risk and uncertainty. Moreover, Kuratko and Hornsby (1999) emphasize on this topic and state that specific elements for entrepreneurial leaders need to be recognized first for a corporate entrepreneurship strategy to be induced effectively and efficiently. These elements areDeveloping the Vision.Developing Innovation.Developing bet on Teams.Structuring for an Entrepreneurial Climate.Kuratko and Hornsby (1999) also emphasize on the vision as the first element needed to induce an effective and efficient corporate entrepreneurship strategy. A shared vision that is supported by top management that reinforces innov ation and entrepreneurship is what the second element needs to be achieved. Without a vision that is supported by the leadership in the organization, innovation is not achievable. Moreover, the third element is venture team similar to what Burns (2008) defines as management teams who have the potential for stimulating innovation and creativity within the organization. The final and most critical element that Burns didnt emphasize on is structuring for an entrepreneurial climate. And what Kuratko and Hornsby (1999) mean by the entrepreneurial climate is the innovative environment that allows new ideas to flourish.In order to deeply discuss the role of leadership in creating the entrepreneurial climate, the transformational leadership theory needs to be discussed briefly. According to the transformational leadership theory, transformational leaders behavior does not depend on a traditional exchange relationship between leader and follower (Bass, 1990). Their behavior is based on perso nal value systems that are not negotiable they modify their followers goals and aspirations to be rangeed with their goals by demonstrating idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and tell consideration (Bass, 1990). Bass states that transformational leadership is needed to broaden and elevate the interests of employees, generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and missionsof the organization, and stir the employees to look beyond their own self-interests for the good of the overall entity (1990, p. 19). Between the four elements used by transformational leaders to influence followers bass discussed, we are interested in the inspirational motivation which mean the ability to develop and communicate a convincing and attractive future vision. This vision is not only materially based but offers challenges and meanings (Bass, 1990 in Felfe, 2004). Humphreys (2005) also emphasizes the role of transformational leadership and state that it is mo re suitable for a dynamic external environment, where employees are empowered with greater responsibility and encouraged to innovate, initiative and take risk. compare Bass (1990), Kuratko and Hornsby (1999), and Burns (2008) brings us to the point that it is observable that they all agree on the importance of developing a shared future vision that align the goals and objectives of the leadership with all parts of the organization. They all emphasize on the influential role it has in stimulating the entrepreneurial strategy needed to flatten the way for flexibility and adaptability needed for innovation especially in a dramatic changing business environment. Furthermore the leadership style and the level of commitment and support they choose to employ defines to what level the entrepreneurial climate could be achieved. However, according to Burns (2008, p.105) quoting Richard Branson, there is no single best leadership style. It always depends on many different factors such as th e leader, group, task, and situation, or even the context they are in similar to the ideology the contingency theory discuss (Burns, 2008). The theory emphasizes that there is no best way to mange or lead in an organization. One of the examples Burns (2008) discusses is the managerial grid which was developed by Blake and Mouton. This model classifies the managerial styles upon leadership concern toward task compared to the concern for people. Figure 5 summarize and explains these styles. It classifies them into five types Impoverished Management, Country club Management, Middle of the road Management, Team management, and Authority-Compliance Management.Figure 5 The Leadership Grid (Source created by the authors, adapted from Blake and Mouton, 1978 in Burns, 2008) Nevertheless if the organization desires to stay entrepreneurial, certain styles will not be appropriate such as autocratic or dictatorial- where the leadership dictate what is needed to be done without given any kind or decision making dresser to the management team or impoverished management that has low concern for both the task and the group, because it is hardly leadership at all. On the other hand the organization must encourage the consultative style- where the leadership shares its high level of authority with the management team supervising the decision making process, and if the number of employees in an organization increase, concern for the group must increase and move toward the group and thus team management.Burns also discusses how managers post in situations involving contest in order to obtain the best effective and suitable results (2008). Based on the Thomas-Kilman Conflict modes questionnaire, behavior can be classified under two important dimensions which are Assertiveness the extent to which individuals satisfy their own needs, and Co- operativeness the extent they attempt to satisfy the needs of others. Thomas and Kilman comes up with five behavioral classifications that individuals can be indentified with Competing, Accommodating, Avoiding, Collaborating, and Compromising. Figure 6 explains these classifications in more details. (Burns, 2008, p. 99)Figure 6 Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Modes (Cited from Burns, pg. 99, 2008, adapted from Thomas and Kilmann, 1975) Furthermore according to the matrix provided above on how to behave in situations involving conflict, each style has its advantages and disadvantages and can be effective in different situations. However management teams tend always try to resolve conflict through collaborating or compromising approaches. Collaborating deals with finding alternatives that meet everyones concerns, and compromising the in between diplomatic route (Burns, 2008, p.99). Both approaches are assertive and co-operative, thus using informal influence to get their ideology implemented within the organization and its culture. 2.2.2. Organizational CultureOrganizational culture is another important aspect that affects corpo rate entrepreneurship. According to Sackmann (1991 in Dimitratos and Plakoyiannaki, 2003),many researches see organizational culture as cognitive framework which consists of values, beliefs, norms, meaning systems, patterns of thoughts. Organizational culture influences the expectation of organizational members to each other and their expectations of external interaction with suppliers, customers, and external environment (Ireland, Hitt, Sirmon, 2003). Parboteaah (2000 in Kenney et al., 2007) claims that developing and nurturing an entrepreneurial culture will help a company to find innovative solutions and sustain strategic competitive advantages, that is why Dess et al. (2005 in Kenney et al., 2007) recommend companies to check their culture if they have an entrepreneurial orientation. According to Ireland et al. (2003, p.970), an effective entrepreneurial culture must dedicate itself to the simultaneous importance of opportunity-seeking behavior and advantage-seeking behaviors, culture must promote innovative ideas and learning, encourage risk- taking activities while accepting the failure, and must be disseminate to continuous change.Furthermore, the dimensions of culture created by Hofstede help to characterize an entrepreneurial culture in the organization (Burns, 2008). First dimension is individuality versus collectivism. It is about the level of taste sensation to work as individuals or groups. According to Burns (2008), entrepreneurial culture must be based on collectivism rather than individuality in larger organizations. The establishment of relationships and networks within the organization will result in a strong sense of in-groups with the feeling of competition against out-groups (competitors). The second dimension is power distance, which is about the degree of in equality among the people that community is willing to accept (Burns, 2008, p.116). Hofstede (1981 in Burns, 2008) claims that while lower power distance encourages the egalitaria nism that stimulates flat structure, open relations and unrestricted information flow, higher power distance support hierarchical structure. Burns (2008) indicates entrepreneurial culture involves lower power distance. The third dimension is uncertainty avoidance, which is about the degree of peoples tolerance for complexity and uncertainty. While higher uncertainty avoidance stresses rules and procedures, rewards the compliance to these roles, lower uncertainty avoidance tolerates complexity, encourages flexibility, risk taking, initiative decision-making. Burns (2008) claims that low uncertainty avoidance is suitable for CE. The final dimension is masculinity and femininity. Whilemasculinity is based on financial and material achievements and competition, femininity focuses on relationships and cooperation. According to Burns (2008), CE must find a balance between masculinity and femininity. They have to establish one culture that focuses on achievements against competitors throug h networks and cooperation within organization. On the other hand, Beer, Eisenstat and Spector (1990) claim that while corporate culture is one of the aspects that help to establish corporate entrepreneurship in large organizations, Cultural Revolution by itself is not enough to achieve successful revitalization. The management must analyze every field of organization including its structure, strategy, leadership because culture correlates every field of organization. Leaders have to find out the sources of the problem and they have to make changes where it is necessary.Organizational StructureOne of the other factors that stimulate entrepreneurship in a company is the organizational structure. Large companies have realized that to survive in todays conditions which are rapid and sociological changes, they have to create a structure that stimulates creativity and innovations (Sapolsky, 1967 in Livesay, 1995 Sinetar, 1985 in Livesay, 1995 Beer et al., 1990 Burns, 2008). However Sapol sky (1967 in Livesay, 1995) and Burns (2008) claim that there are no basic guidelines about one perfect structure that is suitable for every organization. According to Echols and Neck (1998), it is necessary to redesign structure to foster corporate entrepreneurship. Managers must structure organization as flat as possible and support it with entrepreneurial culture. New structure must support entrepreneurial behaviors. They analyzed three specific categories of entrepreneurial behavior which must have been addressed by management while changing structure. The first category is detection of opportunities which requires transparency in the organization, external and internal networks and easy access to firms information. The second category is opportunity facilitation which demands supportively competition among firms and support from managers as coaches or mentors. Final category is the motivation to pursue opportunity. Managers must consider rewarding their employees for their entr epreneurial behaviors. (Echols et al., 1998, p.40-41)The most suitable structure depends on the nature of the organizations, the strategies employed, the task that they operate, the environment that they exist in and the size (Burns, 2008). Size is one of the most important factors for defining the structure. In recent years, as entrepreneurship becomes an important key success factor for the business, small firms gain a competitive advantage over large firms because of their flexible structure which enables better communication, greater delegation of authority and faster decision making. Nowadays, large firms are pop outsizing or deconstructing themselves to be entrepreneurial (which is the breaking of the organization down into smaller units) (Burns, 2008, p.137). The following trends are indicated by Pettigrew and Fenton (2000 in Burns, 2008, p.138) decentralizing, de-layering, outsourcing, down-scoping, using project forms of organizing, developing strategic alliances, communic ating horizontally as well as vertically, investing in IT, and the application of new HR policies. Furthermore, organizational structure is obliged to change as the organization grows (Greiner, 1972 in Burns, 2008 Morris, Allen, Schindehutte Avila, 2006). But the traditional large firm structures are not suitable in this complex turbulent

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for GrandmotherId like to talk today almost my grandmother, Ruth Smith - about who she was, what she meant to us, and what this day means. Grandma was a homemaker and a lifelong resident of Marshall. This might seem like a constrained life to some, but I dont think Grandma would have agreed, and Id like to explain why. She was a person with great curiosity - she read all the time, she worked crossword puzzles every day, and she loved watching documentaries on television. In fact, she was working crossword puzzles right on up until the last month before she died, when she finally grew too ill to continue. Her curiosity in like manner greatly affected me - when my brother Gus and I were little, we used to play a card game called Authors, and from playing that game so much with her, I knew at a very young age who Mark Twain and Shakespeare and Nathaniel Hawthorne and many others were. The way she said these authors names stirred in me a great thirst to read them, and now, lat er in life, when I have read those authors, and taught them, I can sincerely thank Grandma for first creating that desire in me. I can also thank Grandma for inspiring a love of animals in my mother and in myself. Grandma always had a cat around her house that she cared for. She loved watching animal shows on television, especially if they involved cats. In fact, she considered herself a cat person, until she met my dog Alex. I say my dog, but hes sincerely my mammas dog now, and for a lot of the time, when my Mom was traveling on business, it was my Grandmas dog too. We knew that both Grandma and Grandpa really like Alex when they let him sleep on the chest at the foot of their bed - now THAT was a big deal She loved Alex, and she loved Libby, my replacement dog that I got once Mom had stolen Alex from me. Nothing tickled Grandma more than watching Libby tear up and down the floor, running back and forth like puppies like to do. Mom told me that she mentioned Alex and Libby to G randma mediocre a few hours before she died, and that she smiled when she heard their names. She also traveled widely - Grandpa always said that there was plenty here in bit to occupy someone, but Grandma felt a bit differently.

Psychoanalysis in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment Essay -- Crime and

Analyzing the mind of a psychopath has been one of the most important tasks that psychoanalysts face today. The more they know and understand the complexities of the disturbed, the more they hope to find treatments and in the end a cure for the illness that they believe can cause the ultimate violent criminal.Perhaps Dostoevsky himself wanted to weigh in on the mind of the sociopath and the journey toward their violent lives. Due to his vivid description of Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky shows his readers first hand what a sociopath is like. First one must understand that there is no such affliction as sociopath. The technical name is antisocial personality dis tack and there are certain criteria a person must represent in order to receive this diagnosis. It is reserved for the most violent criminal minds and therefore is taken very seriously by the psychiatric community. In order to be diagnosed, one must have been previously diagnosed as having a conduct disorder by the age of fif teen. This is what existencey refer to as the nipper version of antisocial personality disorder. Along with depression and anxiety, the individual also exhibits an increase in antisocial behavior, aggression, destruction of property, and deceitfulness or theft (Strickland). They whitethorn also act out against smaller things that they can control, such as smaller siblings and/or animals. Once a person with conduct disorder turns cardinal and is considered to be a legal adult, they are re-evaluated and then diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. The Gale encyclopedia of Psychology, 2nd Edition lists the criteria that psychologists use to base their diagnosis. They must meet terce of the following. 1. fails to conform to social norms, as indicated... ...order, examining Raskolnikovs actions and personality, and taking a closer look at arrogance, we can assert that Raskolnikov is simply an arrogant man exhibit himself as superior to society. Raskolnikovs actions w ere done through purely selfish motives and the mentality that he should not be punished, because the paramount of his actions benefited society. This is the profile of a man that is arrogant and selfish, not the profile of an individual suffering from a mental illness.Works CitedDostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and Punishment. A Norton Critical Edition 3rd Ed. Levinson, David. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment Vol. III. Sage Publications. London, 2002.Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster Online. http//www.m-w.com. December 18, 2005. Strickland, Bonnie. The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology 2nd Ed. Gale Group. Detroit, 2001.